Just yesterday, Vulkan 1.0.54 was released. Among other things, it includes the specification for a new extension, VK_KHR_16bit_storage. And just yesterday, we sent to mesa-dev the implementation of this extension for Intel gen8+ GPUs, that is the outcome of the effort from the igalians José María Casanova, Andrés Gómez, Eduardo Lima, and myself.
In short, this extension allows the use of 16-bit types (half floats, 16-bit ints, and 16-bit uints) in shader input and output interfaces, push constant blocks, and buffers (shader storage buffer objects). The only operation that you can do with those 16-bit variables in the shader are 16-bit to 32-bit, and 32-bit to 16-bit conversions. So no arithmetic (adds, muls, etc) operations for now. The value of this feature at this point is to reduce the memory bandwidth when feeding and getting the data from a shader. It will also be the basis for future extensions defining 16-bit arithmetic operations.
Taking into account that the series is still in the review process, I will not go too deep into the technical details of the implementation. In general, most of the changes were related with the assumption that all we had was 32 or 64 bit types, so we just needed to update some conditions to take into account 16-bit types supported by the HW. In any case, I think that I can list three issues that required some extra work from our side:
- One of the subfeatures we needed to support is being able to define 16-bit input vertex attributes. A really good reading about how this is implemented and supported on Intel HW is Ben Widawsky’s post “GEN Graphics And The URB”. This post explains in detail how this is done for 32-bit vertex inputs. We used this post as another source of documentation when we implemented the support for 64-bit vertex attributes last year (I briefly mentioned it on my previous blog post). In the case of 64-bit, when feeding the shader with the data, you can configure how the 64-bit data is passed to the shader. There is a surface format that do an implicit conversion to 32-bit, and another that pass it without any conversion (PASSTHRU format). You use one or the other depending on the type of your variable at the shader. But, for the case of 16-bit, there is just one surface format. And as the section FormatConversion at the reference manual points, this surface format do an implicit 16-bit to 32-bit conversion. In order to workaround it, we needed to change the surface format on the fly, using a 32-bit format one, and then reorder the data when it arrived to the shader.
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Most of the surface read/writes used on intel driver are untyped surface readwrite message. Unfourtunately, those are 32-bit width messages. So we needed to implement the support, and use, a different kind of message, byte scattered read/write messages. The reference already warns that it is likely that it would be better to use a different message (for performance reasons). In any case, using this message is only really needed when using variable of one and three components. Eduardo already have a patch that uses 32-bit untyped read/write messages when possible.
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For a render target write message (so for example, the output of a fragment shader), we enabled the 16-bit payload using the data format bit (Data Format on the Message Descriptor Definition of Send Messages). But this bit is not available on Broadwell, and doesn’t support unsigned ints on Cherryview/Braswell. So for those cases as workaround we needed to use the 32-bit payload, doing an extra conversion from 16-bit to 32-bits before the HW deals with the surface format conversion when writing 32-bit values to a 16-bit format surface.
So the next steps now is getting it reviewed, update the patchs accordingly and land it on master. In parallel we are working on optimizations and other improvements we listed while we were working on the extension (as the already mentioned Eduardo’s patch).
Finally, I would like to thanks Intel for sponsoring this work and for their support. Also, thanks to Iago Toral and Samuel Iglesias for sharing with us their experience while developing the 64-bit support on both OpenGL and Vulkan that helped us to implement this extension.
